MRSA on Pig Farms in Croatia

It is amazing to see how far Croatia has come though war and troubles in recent years. It's sad to see MRSA in their pigs, but good to see them admit it.

Britain remains in denial: from the top of the international veterinary tree to a corrupt criminalised backwater in less then a single veterinary generation.

Abstract here


2011 Dec;59(4):419-25.

The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on large pig breeding farms in Croatia.

Habrun B, Ra?i? I, Beck R, Budimir A, Beni? M, Kompes G, Spi?i? S,
Cvetni? Z.

Source
Croatian Veterinary Institute Department of Bacteriology and
Parasitology Savska cesta 143 10000 Zagreb Croatia. habrun@veinst.hr

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have emerged worldwide and have become resistant to a variety of antibiotics. MRSA colonisation in pigs was first reported from the Netherlands in 2005,
where pigs were implicated as a source of human MRSA infections (Voss et al., 2005).

This paper presents the first report on the presence of MRSA on large pig breeding farms in Croatia, together with the determination of the mecA gene, the results of spa typing and susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials. Dust samples (7-11 per farm) were collected from eight large pig farms in Croatia. Of the total 68 swabs, the mecA gene was detected in 24 isolates growing on the MRSA agar. All isolates were resistant to oxacillin, tetracycline and streptomycin, and susceptible only to vancomycin, while 92% of the strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Genotyping of the MRSA strains was performed by spa typing, and revealed t011 (n = 17), t034 (n = 5) and t1451 (n = 2). The results presented here predict that MRSA is present on a large number of pig farms in Croatia.

MRSA on German Organic and Conventional Pig Farms

This apparently previously unpublished report is not peer reviewed.

However, the summary does seem to accord with common sense. It does not seek to claim that organic pigs are free from MRSA st398 and the reasons why organic farming has less MRSA in pigs seem reasonable.

The incidence of MRSA on German conventional pig farms is amazing, not least when compared with the alleged absence of MRSA on British pig farms.

If the industry really believed this was the situation in Britain, they would be basing all their marketing on it – and making a fortune. 

It would be a pretty remarkable performance to keep Britain clear of a disease admitted almost everywhere else, and for years.

Why don’t they make the claim loud and bold of a superior product?

They don’t because they do not want to become associated too closely with British state veterinary crime. They do not have the protection of Crown Immunity.

Veterinary heads are going to roll in Britain. The current situation would not and will not stand scrutiny. The vets now have no way out. They left it too long to whistle-blow or own up.

The report is available here

21st December 2011

Summary translation

In the last few years, importance of MRSA in livestock grows more and more. In this study, the occurrence of MRSA was assessed on 42 organic and 88 conventional pig herds in different regions of Germany by taking dust samples and nasal swabs. In addition, the spa-types were identified. The results of this study showed that 11 of the 42 (26%) examined organic pig herds were MRSA-positive, whereas 92% of the conventional pig herds were identified as MRSA-positive. In both husbandry systems, similar spa-types (t011, t034) were identified, which are associated with the MRSA ST398.

The low prevalence of MRSA in organic pig herds in comparison to conventional pig farming is due to different factors: Perhaps the most important one is moving animals less than in conventional pig farming. One reason is the preferred form of closed systems in organic pig farming. Because of this, possibilities for intake of MRSA from outside are low. MRSA which are already in the organic pig population are not able to spread as fast as those in conventional systems because of a strong competitor flora and low animal density. Now it will be necessary to examine especially the intake of MRSA in organic pig herds in former studies and to dam its spread by regular screenings of animals and their environment.

Collect MRSA st398 with the eggs?

Some alarming statistics that have massive implications. A harmless activity carries a risk of catching superbugs.

British government veterinarians have still not managed to find MRSA st398 in British pigs.

They have not looked properly, anxious to blame everyone else when they do finally have to admit its presence on British farms.

MRSA st398 was found it in some Scottish children some years ago.

The current position is if they do have it in livestock, there is no danger to humans.

We pay these veterinarians, but for what?

Why are they advising on human health issues?

Summary and access to full report  here

Published online: 12 December 2011

MRSA-ST398 in livestock farmers and neighbouring residents in a rural area in Germany

B. BISDORFF^a1 c1, J. L. SCHOLHÖLTER^a1, K. CLAUßEN^a2, M. PULZ^a2, D. NOWAK^a1 and K. RADON^a1

^a1 Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology & NetTeaching Unit, Munich, Germany

^a2 Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany

SUMMARY

Prevalence of and risk factors associated with MRSA-ST398 carriage in 1872 (response 70%) farmers and neighbouring residents in a pig- and poultry-dense area in Germany were investigated using a cross-sectional study and self-sampling nasal swabs. In the population, 1% without occupational livestock contact and 24% with occupational livestock contact tested positive for MRSA-ST398. The group without occupational livestock contact was 3·8 times [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·5–9·3] more likely to be colonized if a household member had livestock contact and 3·2 times (95% CI 1·4–7·4) more likely if they regularly made private farm visits (e.g. to buy eggs or milk). In the group with occupational livestock contact, pig contact had an odds ratio of 7·1 (95% CI 2·9–17·2) for MRSA-ST398 acquisition. This is the first study to associate private farm visits with acquisition of MRSA; more research to explore the exact transmission routes is necessary.

MRSA in Swiss pigs increasing

MRSA is getting worse in Swiss pigs according to this report.

A three fold increase in two years is ominous.

The full text is here


...This study is the first to describe the presence of MRSA ST49 in
slaughter pigs, and to demonstrate a significant and nearly three-fold
increase of MRSA prevalence in pigs within two years. The  presence of
a specific clonal lineage of MRSA from Switzerland suggests that it
has been selected in Swiss pig husbandry. Effective hygiene measures
should be enhanced within the entire pig production chain to suppress
the spread of these pathogens into the community.

MRSA st398 responsible for bloodstream infections?

Events become ever more ominous for Britain's vetocracy.

Their attempt to start a trade war with the Americans on the issue of antibiotic resistance is doomed to total failure.

Attempts to start smoke screens will be swamped by the avalanche of science linking MRSA st398 to human illness and the curious absence of MRSA st398 in British pigs.

Everyone will want to know how this miracle was achieved.

We think we can tell them.

Full report here

Methicillin-Susceptible ST398 Staphylococcus aureus Responsible for Bloodstream Infections: An Emerging Human-Adapted Subclone?


Abstract 


In the course of an annual 3-month bloodstream infections (BSI) survey conducted during a four-year period in 31 healthcare institutions located in three noncontiguous French regions, we report 18 ST398 Staphylococcus aureus BSI. ST398 BSI incidence showed a seven-fold increase during the study period (0.002 per 1,000 patient days in 2007 vs. 0.014 in 2010). ST398 BSI isolates differed from the pig-borne multiresistant clone: 17/18 BSI isolates were methicillin susceptible and none was of t011, t034 or t108 pig-borne spa-types. ST398 BSI isolates had homogenous resistance patterns (15/18 with only Eryr) and prophagic content (all harboured the hlb-converting Sau3int phage).


The clustering of BSI and pig-borne isolates by spa-typing and MLVA, the occurrence of Sau3int phage in BSI isolates and the lack of this phage in pig-borne isolates suggest that the emergence of BSI isolates could have arisen from horizontal transfer, at least of the Sau3int phage, in genetically diverse MSSA ST398 isolates. The acquisition of the phage likely plays a role in the increasing ability of the lysogenic ST398 isolates to colonize human. The mode of acquisition of the non pig-borne ST398 isolates by our 18 patients remains unclear. ST398 BSI were diagnosed in patients lacking livestock exposure and were significantly associated with digestive portals of entry (3/18 [16.7%] for ST398 vs. 19/767 [2.5%] for non ST398 BSI; p = .012). This raises the question of possible foodborne human infections. We suggest the need for active surveillance to study and control the spread of this human-adapted subclone increasingly isolated in the hospital setting.

The last words of the Conclusion on the full version are worth noting too:

We found that a digestive portal of entry was much more common among ST398 compared to other S. aureus BSIs, lending weight to the hypothesis of foodborne transmission. Further farm-to-fork studies are required to elucidate the possible role of food, especially retail meat samples including beef, pork and chicken, as a source of human infection.

MRSA in pigs - New report

The white flag is flying over the Royal Veterinary College; well actually is is more like a grubby rag waved from a basement. It's all too late, as they effectively admit.

The Pig Site is reporting EU Research co-ordinated by the RVC

They do not mention MRSA in British pigs, but they do include the following items.

"A European alliance of scientists has confronted the spread of dangerous MRSA strains in the community and in livestock."

"The bacterium however did not escape from the hospitals but emerged, amongst others through antibiotic and zinc use, among live-stock. The eradication of MRSA among live-stock is practically impossible to achieve"

"The bacterium is genetically flexible and has been shown to adapt rather easily to new circumstances. Therefore, MRSA remains a health care threat. A solution is not yet available and prudent use of antibiotics is currently the only option to limit spread as much as possible."

"New research shows close contact needed to catch MRSA from pigs

The resistant bacterium, MRSA ST398, is often associated with pigs but mostly affects people who have regular and close contact with the animals"

There is much more detail which can be reached here


Monday, December 05, 2011
Research: Close Contact to Catch MRSA from Pigs

Antibiotic Resistance loiters on organic farms.

Bad news for Britain's organic producers' Soil Association from Canada.  Indeed, bad news for us all, bearing in mind other studies recently published that reveal the link between farm and hospital.

The full article and supporting documentation can be reached here

Drug Resistance Loiters on Antibiotic-Free Farms
by Beth Marie Mole on 2 December 2011, 2:47 PM 


Breeding ground. Pig farms breed drug-resistant bacteria that can linger for years after antibiotics are banned.


Livestock farms that stop using antibiotics may still be breeding grounds for drug-resistant germs, according to a new study. Scientists have found that bacteria in a group of Canadian pigs remained mostly impervious to two antibiotics years after farmers stopped dosing the animals. This antibiotic resistance could eventually make its way into hospitals and the human food supply, although experts caution that no link has yet been proved...

MRSA st398 identifiable in hospital by Tetracycline Resistance

That 's one way of identifying 'piggy' MRSA in hospital patients: the hard way - when human antibiotics don't work!

MRSA cc398 is the same strain as MRSA st398 - sometimes called "pig MRSA."


Abstract here


High prevalence of spa types associated with the clonal lineage CC398 among tetracycline-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in a Spanish hospital.


J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Nov 28;


Authors: Lozano C, Rezusta A, Gómez P, Gómez-Sanz E, Báez N, Martin-Saco G, Zarazaga M, Torres C


Abstract


OBJECTIVES: CC398 (67.3%), CC1 (11.5%), CC5 (11.5%) and CC8 (9.6%). A novel sequence type (ST), ST2077, belonging to CC398 was identified.


Most MRSA CC398 strains were typed as SCCmecV-agrI. In addition to ?-lactam resistance, isolates showed resistance to (gene/number of strains): tetracycline [tet(K)/36, tet(L)/8 and tet(M)/48], macrolides and lincosamides [erm(B)/6, erm(C)/25, erm(T)/2, msr(A)/msr(B)/4 and mph(C)/4], aminoglycosides [aac(6')-Ie-aph(2')-Ia/8, ant(4')-Ia/13 and aph(3')-IIIa/15], trimethoprim [dfrS1/2 and dfrK/3] and mupirocin
(mupA/3). 


Strains investigated for mutations mediating quinolone resistance revealed an S80F exchange in GrlA and different changes in GyrA. Three strains were Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive (ST8 and ST94) and 41 strains were cna-positive. All MRSA isolates were negative for the genes tst, eta, etb and etd.


Conclusions
Tetracycline resistance could be a good marker for MRSA CC398, although this resistance can also be found in other lineages.


PMID: 22127589 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Danes can trace MRSA st398

The Danes can trace MRSA st398 (cc398) from farm to farm and by implication from farm to hospital.

"Oh ****!" said Britain's vetocracy whilst reaching for the nearest PR bunny.

Abstract here


Epidemiol Infect. 2011 Nov 25:1-6. [Epub ahead of print]
Farm-specific lineages of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398 in Danish pig farms.

Espinosa-Gongora C, Larsen J, Moodley A, Nielsen JP, Skov RL, Andreasen M, Guardabassi L.

Source
Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.

Abstract

SUMMARY

The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex (CC) 398 using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

Dust and pigs at five age groups were sampled in six Danish MRSA-positive pig farms. MRSA CC398 was isolated from 284 of the 391 samples tested, including 230 (74%) animal and 54 (68%) environmental samples. PFGE analysis of a subset of 48 isolates, including the six strains previously isolated from farm workers, revealed the existence of farm-specific pulsotypes. With a single exception, human, environmental and porcine isolates originating from the same farm clustered together in the PFGE cluster analysis, indicating that spread of MRSA CC398 in Danish pig farms is mainly due to clonal dissemination of farm-specific lineages that can be discriminated by PFGE.

This finding has important implications for planning future epidemiological studies investigating the spread of CC398 in pig farming.

PMID: 22117120 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Circovirus may render pigs liable to CSF and other diseases

So circovirus decreases the efficiency of CSF- Classical Swine Fever vaccine!

Now let’s go back to 2000. Britain was suffering, a more or less undeclared even, secret, PMWS-PDNS (Circovirus) epidemic and the real thing - CSF, the dreaded Classical Swine Fever, not a vaccine, arrived in Britain.

So circovirus would presumably reduce any natural defences against CSF (and perhaps the follow up FMD – Foot and Mouth epidemic too)

The cheekily named "Gardiner Hypothesis" see above, suggested circovirus renders pigs more liable to other diseases and the extraordinary personal story told  in Stop the World is now explained. 

Porcine Circovirus is a very nasty virus and it has been present in Britain since 1999 rendering the pigs liable to other diseases. It rivals the British government veterinarians for sneaky behaviour and it caught them out in 2000 and 2001.

The CSF and FMD (Foot and Mouth) epidemics were major national disasters, with consequential  animal cruelty, human anguish and huge national financial losses.

This report makes the connection clear:

“This PCV2-derived interference may not only allow the invasion of wild-type CSFV in pig farms but also increases the difficulty of CSF prevention and control in CSF endemic areas.”

Abstract here and provisional  full report here.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection decreases the efficacy of an attenuated classical swine fever virus (CSFV) vaccine

Yu-Liang Huang, Victor Fei Pang, Chun-Ming Lin, Yi-Chieh Tsai, Mi-Yuan Chia, Ming-Chung Deng, Chia-Yi Changand Chian-Ren Jeng

·          

Veterinary Research 2011, 42:115 doi:10.1186/1297-9716-42-115

Published: 1 December 2011

Abstract (provisional)

The Lapinized Philippines Coronel (LPC) vaccine, an attenuated strain of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is an important tool for the prevention and control of CSFV infection and is widely and routinely used in most CSF endemic areas, including Taiwan. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PCV2 infection affects the efficacy of the LPC vaccine. Eighteen 6-week-old, cesarean-derived and colostrum-deprived (CDCD), crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. A total of 105.3 TCID50 of PCV2 was experimentally inoculated into pigs through both intranasal and intramuscular routes at 0 days post-inoculation (dpi) followed by LPC vaccination 12 days later. All the animals were challenged with wild-type CSFV (ALD stain) at 27 dpi and euthanized at 45 dpi. Following CSFV challenge, the LPC-vaccinated pigs pre-inoculated with PCV2 showed transient fever, viremia, and viral shedding in the saliva and feces. The number of IgM+, CD4+CD8-CD25+, CD4+CD8+CD25+, and CD4-CD8+CD25+ lymphocyte subsets and the level of neutralizing antibodies against CSFV were significantly higher in the animals with LPC vaccination alone than in the pigs with PCV2 inoculation/LPC vaccination. In addition, PCV2-derived inhibition of the CSFV-specific cell proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was demonstrated in an ex vivo experiment. These findings indicate that PCV2 infection decreases the efficacy of the LPC vaccine. This PCV2-derived interference may not only allow the invasion of wild-type CSFV in pig farms but also increases the difficulty of CSF prevention and control in CSF endemic areas.